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The Shinchiku Prefecture government building was constructed in 1915 and now serves as the Hsinchu city government building.

Shinchiku Prefecture (???, shinchiku-sh?^?) was one of the administrative divisions of Taiwan during the Japanese rule. The prefecture consisted of modern day Hsinchu, Taoyuan County, Hsinchu County, and Miaoli County.

Population

1941 (Showa 16) census.

• Total population: 838,011
  • Japanese 20,693
  • Taiwanese 815,274
  • Korean 150
  • Other 1,894

Administrative divisions

In 1945 (Showa 20), there were one city and eight districts.

City (-? -shi)

• Shinchiku-shi (???)

Districts (-? -gun)

• Shinchiku district (???)
  • Shimpu town (???)
  • Kansai town (???)
  • Chikuhoku village (???)
  • K?m? village ???
  • Koguchi village (???)
  • Savage land (??)
  • Shinchiku town (???) (Upgraded to a city in 1930)
  • Kyuu minato village (???) (Abolished in 1941, became Chikuhoku village)
  • Rokka village (???) (Abolished in 1941, became Chikuhoku village)
  • K?zan village (???) ?Abolished in 1941, annexed into Shinchiku-shi?
• Ch?reki district (???)
  • Ch?reki town (???)
  • Y?bai town (???)
  • Heichin village (???)
  • Shin’oku village (???)
  • Kannon village (???)
• T?en-gun (???)
  • T?en town (???)
  • Rochiku village (???)
  • Daien village (???)
  • Kameyama village (???)
  • Hachitoku village (???)
• Daikei district (???)
  • Daikei town (???)
  • Ry?tan village (???)
  • Savage lands (??)
• Chikut? district (???)
  • Chikut? town (???)
  • Ky?rin village (???)
  • Yokoyama village (???)
  • Hokufu village (???)
  • Gabi village (???)
  • Takarayama village (???)
  • Savage land (??)
• Chikunan district (???)
  • Chikunan town (???)
  • T?fun town (???)
  • Sanwan village (???)
  • Minami village (??)
  • Z?ky? village (???)
  • K?ry? village (???)
  • Savage land (??)
• By?ritsu district (???)
  • By?ritsu town (???)
  • Enri town (???)
  • T?’oku village (???)
  • K?kan village (???)
  • Dora village (???)
  • Sansa village (???)
  • T?fun village (???)
  • Shiko village (???)
• Taigo district (???)
  • Taigo village (???)
  • Shitan village (???)
  • Takuran village (???)
  • Savage land (??)

Shint? shrines

Main article: List of Shinto shrines in Taiwan

• Shinchiku Shrine
• Ts?sh? Shrine
• T?en Shrine (now Taoyuan County Martyr’s Shrine)
• By?ritsu Shrine
• Ch?reki Shrine
• T?fun Shrine
• Chikunan Shrine
• Taigo Shrine
• Chikut? Shrine

National Parks

Main article: List of national parks in Taiwan

• Tsugitaka Taroko National Park (established December 12, 1937)

Famous people

List of notable people born in Shinchiku Prefecture during Japanese rule.

• Peter Huang ??? (politician, independence activist, social commentator in Japan) (born October 2, 1937)

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Coordinates: 50°39?18?N 1°38?03?E? / ?50.655, 1.63416666667

Commune of Condette
Location
Administration
Country	France
Region	Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Department	Pas-de-Calais
Arrondissement	Boulogne-sur-Mer
Canton	Samer
Intercommunality	Communauté d’agglomération du Boulonnais
Mayor	Kaddour-Jean Derrar (2008-2014)
Statistics
Elevation	6 m–106 m (avg. 35 m)
Land area¹	16,26 km²
Population² (1999)	2675
- Density	164/km²
Miscellaneous
INSEE/Postal code	62235/ 62360
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
2 Population sans doubles comptes: residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel) only counted once.

Condette is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais département in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France.

Geography

A large farming, forestry and tourist village, some 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Boulogne, at the junction of the D240 and the D940 roads. The river Liane forms the northeast commune border and the A16 autoroute passes through the commune.

Population

Places of interest

The ruins of the château d’Hardelot

• The church of St.Martin, dating from the 15th century.
• The 13th century chateau d’Hardelot.
• The manorhouse of the Grand Moulin.

See also

• Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department

External links

• Condette on the Quid website (French)

edition figure

Wide-format printers (also called “plotters”) are generally accepted to be any printer with a print width between 17″ and 100″. Printers over the 100″ mark may be called Super-Wide or Grand format. Wide format printers are used to print banners, posters and general signage and in some cases may be more economical than short-run methods such as screenprinting. Wide format printers generally use a roll of print material rather than individual sheets and may incorporate hot-air dryers to prevent prints from sticking to themselves as they are produced.

Technologies

According to Ink used:

• Aqueous: thermal or Piezo inkjet printers using an ink known as aqueous or water-based. The term water base is a generally accepted misnomer. The pigment is held in a non-reactive carrier solution that is sometimes water and other times a substitute liquid, including a soy based liquid used by Kodak. Aqueous ink generally comes in two flavors, Dye and UV (alternatively known as pigment). Dye ink is high color, low UV-resistant variety that offers the widest color gamut. UV ink is generally duller in color but withstands fading from UV rays. Similar in general principle to desktop inkjet printers. Finished prints using dye inks must be laminated to protect them if they are to be used outdoors while prints using UV inks can be used outdoors un-laminated for a limited time. Various materials are available, including canvases, banners, metabolized plastic and cloth. Aqueous technology requires that all materials be properly coated to accept and hold the ink.

• Solvent: Piezo inkjet printers whose inks use petroleum or a petroleum by-product such as acetone as it’s carrier liquid. The resulting prints are waterproof. May be used to print directly on to uncoated vinyl and other media as well as ridged substrates such as Foam Board and PVC.

• Dye sublimation: inks are diffused into the special print media to produce continuous-tone prints of photographic quality.

• UV: Piezo inkjet printers whose inks are UV-curable (Dry when cured with UV light). The resulting prints are waterproof, embossed & vibrant. Any media material can be used in this technology, polymer made media are best. Ceramics, glass, metals, and woods are also used with printing with this technology.

• Pen/plotter: a pen or pens are used to draw on the print substrate. Mainly used for producing CAD drawings. Generally being superseded by digital technologies such as Solvent, Aqueous, and UV.

Manufacturers

The major manufacturers include (in alphabetical order): Canon Inc., DGI, Durst, EFI VUTEk,Encad, Gandinnovations, Hewlett-Packard, Infinity, Infotech, Keundo, Kodak, KVR-pixojet, Leggett and Platt, MacDermid ColorSpan Inc., Matan Digital Printers, Mimaki, Mutoh, NUR, Océ,Raster Printers, Roland, HP Scitex (formerly Scitex Vision, joined Hewlett-Packard on 1 November 2005), Seiko I Infotech Inc., Seiko Epson, VUTEk, Xerox, and more.

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A. J. Jacobs
Born	Arnold Stephen Jacobs, Jr. March 20, 1968 (1968-03-20) (age 40) New York City
Title	Esquire Editor at Large
Spouse	Julie Schoenberg
Children	Three
Notable credit(s)	The Know-It-All: One Man’s Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World, The Year of Living Biblically
Official website

Arnold Stephen Jacobs, Jr., commonly called A.J. Jacobs (born March 20, 1968, New York City) is an American journalist and author.

Personal

Jacobs was born in New York City to lawyer Arnold Jacobs Sr. and Ellen Kheel. He has one sister, Beryl Jacobs. Jacobs studied philosophy at Brown University. He is married to Julie Schoenberg and has three sons: Jasper Kheel Jacobs (born March 11, 2004) and twins Zane and Lucas Jacobs (born August 24, 2006). He is the editor at large for Esquire and previously worked for the Antioch Daily Ledger and Entertainment Weekly.

Jacobs is a first cousin to the legal scholar Cass Sunstein.

Professional

Jacobs sees his life as a series of experiments in which he immerses himself in a project or lifestyle, for better or worse, then writes about what he learned.

In one of these experiments Jacobs read all 32 volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica. He wrote about it in his humorous book, The Know-It-All: One Man’s Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World (2004). In the book, he also chronicles his personal life along with various endeavors like joining Mensa.

In 2005 Jacobs out-sourced his life to India such that personal assistants would do everything for him from answering his e-mails, reading his children good-night stories, arguing with his wife. Jacobs wrote about it in an Esquire article called “My Outsourced Life” (2005).

In another experiment Jacobs wrote an article for Esquire called “I Think You’re Fat” (2007), about the experiment he conducted with Radical Honesty, a lifestyle of total truth-telling promoted by Virginia therapist Brad Blanton, whom Jacobs interviewed for the article.

Jacobs’ book The Year of Living Biblically: One Man’s Humble Quest to Follow the Bible as Literally as Possible (2007) chronicles his experiment to live for one year according to all the moral codes expressed in the Bible, including stoning adulterers, blowing a shofar at the beginning of every month, and refraining from trimming the corners of his facial hair (which, he followed by not trimming his facial hair at all). Paramount is also developing “The Year of Living Biblically,” with director Julian Farino attached and Jay Reiss adapting the screenplay.

Jacobs is also the author of The Two Kings: Elvis and Jesus (1994), an irreverant comedic comparison of Elvis and Jesus; and America Off-Line (1996). He also writes for mental floss, a trivia magazine.

Experiments with Wikipedia

When Jacobs outsourced his life for the Esquire piece “My Outsourced Life”, he asked his Indian assistant, “Honey K Balani”, to write a biography about himself on Wikipedia. A bizarre article soon appeared on Jacobs calling him “The King who thinks he Knows it ALL!”, “a not so unheard international figure” and a “writer and editor of phenomenal grey-matter” … “a living form of encyclopedia at large.”

In September 2005, Jacobs (with Esquire magazine) participated in an experiment of the “wiki process”. He submitted an intentionally error-riddled article to Wikipedia which discussed the peculiarities of such an encyclopedia. After about two days and 373 edits, he was pleased with the version, stating, “I feel like I should submit all my articles to the community to get them Wikipedia-ized. I can’t wait to print this in Esquire magazine.”

References

1. ^ Jacobs, A.J. The Know-It-All: One Man’s Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World. (2004) Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. p. 371.
2. ^ Jacobs, A.J. The Year of Living Bibically (2007) Simon & Schuster. p. 314-316.
3. ^ A. J. Jacbobs: My year of living biblically. TED video. Filmed December 2007.
4. ^ “My Outsourced Life”, Esquire, September 1, 2005
5. ^ “I Think You’re Fat”, Esquire, July 24, 2007
6. ^ McClintock, Pamela (June 12, 2007), Vaughan takes over ‘Vegas’ duties, Variety, http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117966822.html?categoryid=13&cs=1, retrieved on 8 February 2008 
7. ^ Paramount Developing ‘Year of Living Biblically’

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21th Regiment of marine infantry, Bastille Day 2008 military parade on the Champs-Élysées, Paris.

The Troupes de marine, are an arm of the French Army with naval heritage. The Troupes de marine are dedicated to service overseas. Despite their title they have been a part of the Army since 1958.

Soldiers of the troupes de marine are likely to spend much more of their service overseas, particularly in Africa, than other French soldiers. The troupes de marine include infantry (including light tank units and airborne units) and artillery. The Troupes de marine were founded in 1622 (officially titled compagnies ordinaires de la mer) as land forces under the control of the navy, notably for operations in French Canada. The Troupes de marine were transferred to the army in 1900 and became part of the Troupes Coloniales (Colonial Troops). The nickname la Coloniale or la Colo refers to this heritage.

At their height in 1940, the Troupes Coloniales consisted of nine divisions and several demi-brigades who manned machine gun emplacements on the Maginot Line. They recruited both in France and overseas.

With France divesting itself of its colonies, on 1 December 1958 the title of Troupes de marine was readopted, this time for all the Troupes Coloniales. They became a major component in France’s Forces d’Intervention.

Nicknames

Troupes de marine soldiers are known in French as marsouins (”Harbour Porpoise”). Marine Gunners are known as bigors, a nickname whose origin is disputed. It could come from bigue dehors which was the order given for loading the guns on a ship. It could also come from bigorneau (winkle in English), either due to their toughness and unwillingness to desert their positions in combat or because their duties usually had them stuck on coastal rocks.

Composition

The Troupes de marine include:

• Infanterie de Marine
  • Infantry (infanterie de marine, abbreviation: -IMa)
  • Light cavalry (infanterie de marine, abbreviation: -IMa, and RICM), cavalry units of Troupes de Marine use the military ranks of infantry.
  • Airborne (parachutistes d’infanterie de marine, abbreviation: -PIMa)
• Artillerie de Marine
  • Artillery (artillerie de marine, abbreviation: -AMa)

Uniform

The Troupes de marine uniform is the same as for other units of French army (plain green or woodland or desert camouflage). Distinctive features are a golden fouled anchor either as a gold-metal badge on the beret (Marine paratroopers wear red berets and their badge is a composite of the golden anchor and the silver wing of airbone units) or embroidered on the front of the kepi.

The modern full dress includes a dark blue kepi, yellow epaulettes (official colour name is daffodil) and a navy blue cravat (scarf worn around the neck). Historically, the uniform comprised a navy blue tunic, lighter blue trousers and the yellow epaulettes still worn. The ancient uniform, gave the nickname of “the Blue Division” to the Troupes de marine units involved in the 1870 Franco-Prussian war. The pith helmet was also worn overseas in the times of colonial infantry, with blue, khaki or white uniforms according to circumstances.

History

Recruiting advertising from the time of Louis XV

The Troupes de marine originate from the compagnies ordinaires de la mer created in 1622 by Cardinal Richelieu. They were troops dedicated to naval combat. The French colonies were under control of the Ministère de la Marine (analogous to the British Admiralty), so it used its marines for colonial defense as well. Before the First Republic, the Corps royal de l’infanterie de la marine had been superseded by the Corps royal de canonniers-matelots on January 1, 1786. The Corps royal de canonniers-matelots was an early attempt to use sailors for duties previously done by marines - soldiers specializing in naval and amphibious combat.

The February 21, 1816 royal ordinance of Louis XVIII re-establishing L’infanterie de marine authorized two regiments. L’infanterie de marine was increased to three regiments in 1838 and to four in 1854. The 1st Regiment was located in Cherbourg, the 2nd in Brest, the 3rd in Rochefort and the 4th in Toulon. In 1890, L’infanterie de marine was increased to eight regiments. L’artillerie de marine, created in 1793, was formed into a single regiment in 1814. A second was added on July 8, 1893. Battles fought in this era included those in the Crimean War including Bomarsund (1847) in the Baltic, Ki Hoa in China(1860), and Mexico (Battle of Puebla) (1863). Their most famous battle was Bazeilles (1870) in the Franco-Prussian War.

The Troupes de marine fought with distinction during the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885) and during the period of undeclared hostilities in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) that preceded it. Between June 1883 and April 1886 the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps included several marine infantry battalions and marine artillery batteries. These units saw service in the Son Tay Campaign (December 1883), the Bac Ninh campaign (March 1884), the Keelung Campaign (October 1884 to June 1885), the Lang Son Campaign (February 1885) and the Pescadores Campaign (March 1885). In March 1885 the two marine infantry battalions in Lieutenant-Colonel Ange-Laurent Giovanninelli’s 1st Brigade suffered heavy casualties storming the Chinese trenches at the Battle of Hoa Moc. The French victory at Hoa Moc relieved the Siege of Tuyen Quang, and was commemorated thereafter in an annual ceremony at Tuyen Quang in which a soldier of the French Foreign Legion (representing the besieged garrison) and a marine infantrymen (representing the relief column) solemnly presented arms on the anniversary of the relief of the beleaguered French post.

French “Marsouins” (Troupes de Marine) in Indochina in 1888.

The French Navy itself, due to the trouble it was having in getting marine detachments from the Ministry of Marine, formed the fusiliers-marins in 1856. The fusiliers-marins was initially composed of sailors and naval officers who were sent to special training in order to form the “marine” detachments aboard ships.

On 7 July 1900 the Troupes de marine were removed from the responsibility of the Ministère de la Marine, transferred to the Ministry of War and added to the French Army’s Troupes Coloniales. The regimental titles changed from “Marine” to “Colonial”. The fusiliers-marins remained with the French Navy. The Troupes coloniale were still preferentially used in amphibious landings. In the WWI Dardanelles campaign, the Corps Expeditionaire d’Orient was more than two-thirds Troupes coloniale including the 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th Colonial Infantry Regiments and Colonial Artillery.

In World War II, a Colonial unit did have “Marine” in its title - The Bataillon d’Infanterie de Marine du Pacifique (BIMP). Two divisions of the Troupes coloniale were trained in amphibious tactics by the Americans and performed amphibious landings at Corsica (6th Moroccan Mountain Division) and Elba (9th Colonial Infantry Division - 9e DIC). Both these divisions also landed in southern France in the follow-on echelons of Operation Dragoon. The French wanted the US to transport these two divisions to the Pacific to fight against the Japanese and later retake French Indochina, but transport was a problem.

With France divesting itself of its colonies, on 1 December 1958 the title of Troupes de marine was readopted, this time for all the Troupes Coloniales. They became a major component in France’s Forces d’Intervention. On July 1963 the 9e Brigade d’Infanterie de Marine (9e BIMa) of the Troupes de marine was formed as the first French Force d’Intervention. It was named after and carried the insignia of the 9th Colonial Infantry Division (9e DIC) that had performed a successful amphibious assault on Elba in WWII. The Troupes de marine remaining overseas became part of the Forces d’outre mer. In 1964 the Force d’Intervention was expanded by adding two airborne brigades and one motorized brigade and formed into the 11th Division d’Intervention, which became the 11th Parachute Division in 1971. The Troupes de marine were removed from this division in 1976 to form a separate intervention force, and the 9e Brigade d’Infanterie de Marine was expanded on 1 January 1976 to form the 9e Division d’Infanterie de Marine (9e DIMa). This division was the amphibious component of the Force d’Intervention, which was renamed the Force d’Action Rapide (FAR) in 1983. Because of their overseas heritage and their use in the Force d’Intervention, the Troupes de marine were kept mostly volunteer as in France draftees are legally exempt from overseas duty. The conversion of the French Army into a smaller professional force led to the French Army’s decision to make the brigade its largest formation and the 9e Division d’Infanterie de Marine was reduced in size on 1 July 1999 and became the 9e Brigade Légère Blindée de Marine.

Today

Bugler in Kuwait after Desert Storm

The Troupes de marine are one of the “armes” (corps) of the French army, which includes specialities associated with other corps (artillery, cavalry, signals) but with amphibious or airborne specialisations.

• Current Units: - Numbered sequentially whether regiments or battalions
  • Régiment de Marche du Tchad (RMT) in Noyon (infantry). Historically famous under Leclerc.
  • RICM (Régiment d’Infanterie de Chars de Marine) (RICM) 9e BLBMa in Poitiers (light cavalry) The odd acronym was created to keep alive the traditions and honours of its celebrated original designation, the Régiment d’Infanterie Coloniale du Maroc (Regiment of Colonial Infantry of Morocco). It is the most decorated unit in the French Army, famous for its recapture of Fort Douamont at Verdun in 1916.
  • Régiment d’Infanterie de Marine du Pacifique - Nouvelle Calédonie (RIMaP-NC) in Noumea New Caledonia (infantry)
  • Régiment d’Infanterie de Marine du Pacifique - Polynésie (RIMaP-P) in Papeete
  • 1er Régiment d’Artillerie de Marine (1er RAMa) in Laon (artillery)
  • 1er Régiment de Parachutistes d’Infanterie de Marine (1er RPIMA) in Bayonne (airborne commandos). It currently does not fulfill “Marine” roles, but Special Operations, similar to the Special Air Service.
  • 1er Régiment d’Infanterie de Marine (1er RIMa) 9e BLBMa in Angouleme (light cavalry)
  • 2e Régiment de Parachutistes d’Infanterie de Marine (2e RPIMa) in Pierrefonds (Réunion) (airborne)
  • 2e Régiment d’Infanterie de Marine (2e RIMa) 9e BLBMa in Le Mans (infantry)
  • 3e Régiment d’Artillerie de Marine (3e RAMa) in Canjuers (artillery)
  • 3e Régiment de Parachutistes d’Infanterie de Marine (3e RPIMa) in Carcassonne (airborne)
  • 3e Régiment d’Infanterie de Marine (3e RIMa) 9e BLBMa in Vannes (infantry)
  • 5e Régiment interarmes d’outre-mer (5e RIAOM) in Djibouti
  • 6e Bataillon d’Infanterie de Marine (6e BIMa) in Libreville (Gabon)
  • 8e Régiment de Parachutistes d’Infanterie de Marine (8e RPIMa) in Castres (airborne)
  • 9e Régiment d’Infanterie de Marine (9e RIMa) in Cayenne (French guiana) (infantry)
  • 11e Régiment d’Artillerie de Marine (11e RAMa) 9e BLBMa in Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier (artillery)
  • 21e Régiment d’Infanterie de Marine (21e RIMa) in Frejus (infantry)
  • 22e Bataillon d’Infanterie de Marine (22e BIMa) 9e BLBMa in Nantes (command and support)
  • 23e Bataillon d’Infanterie de Marine (23e BIMa) in Dakar (Senegal)
  • 33e Régiment d’Infanterie de Marine (33e RIMa) in Fort-de-France (Martinique)
  • 41e Bataillon d’Infanterie de Marine (41e BIMa) in Pointe-a-Pitre (Guadeloupe)
  • 43e Bataillon d’Infanterie de Marine (43e BIMa) in Port-Bouet (Côte d’Ivoire)
  • 72e Bataillon d’Infanterie de Marine (72e BIMa) in Marseille

Regiments with 9e BLBMa are part of the 9th Marine Light Armour Brigade (9e Brigade Légère Blindée de Marine), other regiments and battalions are integrated in non-Marine brigades

See also

• French Foreign Legion
• Marine corps
• Fusiliers Marins - Naval light infantry
• French Colonial Forces
• Tirailleurs

External links

• Official site
• Unofficial site (managed by the national federation of veterans of oversea and marine troops)
• (French) Centre de ressources sur les TDM
• (French) Musée des troupes de marine de Fréjus
• (French) Les troupes coloniales dans la Grande Guerre

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Now 07 is a compilation CD released under EMI Music Australia in 2004. It is coloured aqua green.

Track listing

1. Missy Higgins - “Scar”
2. Robbie Williams - “Radio”
3. Houston featuring Chingy, Nate Dogg & I-20 - “I Like That”
4. Simple Plan - “Addicted”
5. Eric Prydz - “Call on Me”
6. Joss Stone - “You Had Me”
7. Little Birdy - “Beautiful to Me”
8. Brandy - “Afrodisiac”
9. Cosima - “One Night Without You”
10. Twista - “Sunshine”
11. Jamelia - “See It in a Boy’s Eyes”
12. Kyle - “Beautiful Woman”
13. Kate Alexa - Always There”
14. Solitaire - “I’m Thinking of You (Baby)”
15. Evermore - “It’s Too Late”
16. Junior Jack - “Stupidisco”
17. Shapeshifters - “Lola’s Theme”
18. Cristian Alexanda - “Party Anthem”
19. Jet - “Cold Hard Bitch”
20. Neon - “A Man”

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Matthew Brian Stevens (born June 14, 1973 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina) is a former American football safety in the National Football League, who played for five different teams. He played college football at Appalachian State University.

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Axelrod’s rainbowfish
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Atheriniformes Family: Melanotaeniidae Genus: Chilatherina Species: C. axelrodi
Binomial name
Chilatherina axelrodi Allen, 1947

Axelrod’s rainbowfish (Chilatherina axelrodi) is a species of fish in the Melanotaeniidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.

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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)

The Cramps
The Cramps performing in Belgium in 2006; original members Lux Interior and Poison Ivy pictured.
Background information
Origin	Sacramento, California, U.S.
Genre(s)	Punk rock, psychobilly, trash rock, horror punk, garage punk
Years active	1976–present
Website	thecramps.com
Members
Lux Interior Poison Ivy Harry Drumdini Sean Yseult
Former members
See Former members section

The Cramps are an American punk rock band, formed in 1976. Their line-up has rotated much over the years, with lead singer Lux Interior and lead guitarist Poison Ivy as the only permanent members.

They were part of the early CBGB punk movement that had emerged in New York. By blending punk with rockabilly, the band has often been credited as one of the founders of the psychobilly genre of music.

Characteristics

Their music is mostly in blues form, played at varying, (though usually fast) tempos, with a very minimal drumkit. An integral part of the early Cramps sound is dual guitars, without a bassist. The content of their songs and image is campy, trashy Americana (alternately in the style of filmmakers John Waters and David Lynch), sexual fetishism, clever bad jokes, and cheap, retro horror B-movie clichés.

Their sound was heavily influenced by early rockabilly and proto-rock and roll like Link Wray and Hasil Adkins, 1960s surf music acts such as The Ventures and Dick Dale, 1960s garage rock artists like The Standells, The Gants, The Trashmen, The Green Fuz and The Sonics, as well as the post-glam/early punk scene from which they emerged. They also were influenced to a degree by The Ramones and Screamin’ Jay Hawkins, who is often credited for having pioneered their style of theatrical horror-blues.

In turn, they have strongly influenced subsequent punk and rockabilly revival bands, even creating a genre in their wake. “Psychobilly,” a style played by bands like The Meteors is a term coined by the Cramps, although Lux Interior maintains that the term does not describe their own style. The Cramps also influenced or anticipated acts like The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, The White Stripes, The Gun Club, The Fuzztones, James Chance and the Contortions, The Birthday Party, Inca Babies, Flat Duo Jets, Black Lips and The Horrors.

• Note 1: It is debatable that The Cramps coined the phrase psychobilly. It is perhaps mentioned for the first time in Johnny Cash’s song “One Piece at a Time,” released in 1976.

History

Lux Interior (born Erick Purkhiser) and Poison Ivy (born Kristy Wallace) met in Sacramento, California in 1972. Due to their common artistic interests and shared devotion to record collecting, they decided to form The Cramps. Lux took his stage name from a car ad, and Ivy claimed to have received hers in a dream (she was first Poison Ivy Rorschach, taking her last name from that of the inventor of the Rorschach test). In 1973, they moved to Akron, Ohio, and then to New York in 1975, soon entering into CBGB’s early punk scene with other emerging acts like The Ramones, Patti Smith, and Television. The lineup in 1976 was Poison Ivy Rorschach, Lux Interior, Bryan Gregory (guitar) and his sister Pam “Ballam” Gregory (drums).

In a short period of time, the Cramps changed drummers twice; Miriam Linna (later of Nervus Rex, the Zantees, and the A-Bones) replaced Pam Ballam, and Nick Knox(formerly with the Electric Eels) replaced Linna in September 1977. In the late 1970s, the Cramps briefly shared a rehearsal space with The Fleshtones, and performed regularly in New York at places like CBGB’s and Max’s Kansas City, releasing two independent singles produced by Alex Chilton at Ardent Studios in Memphis in 1977 before being signed by Miles Copeland to the young I.R.S. Records label.

In June 1978 they gave a free concert for patients at the California State Mental Hospital in Napa, recorded on a Sony Portapak video camera by the San Francisco collective Target Video and later released as Live at Napa State Mental Hospital. They released the two singles again on their 1979 Gravest Hits EP, before Chilton brought them back that year to Memphis to record their first full length album, Songs The Lord Taught Us, at Phillips Recording, operated by former Sun Records label owner Sam Phillips.

The Cramps relocated to Los Angeles in 1980 and hired guitarist Kid Congo Powers of The Gun Club. While recording their second LP, Psychedelic Jungle, the band and Miles Copeland began to dispute royalties and creative rights. The ensuing court case prevented them from releasing anything until 1983, when they recorded Smell of Female live at New York’s Peppermint Lounge; Kid Congo Powers subsequently departed. Mike Metoff of The Pagans (cousin of Nick Knox) was the final second guitarist - albeit only live - of the Cramps’ pre-bassist era.

In 1985 the Cramps recorded a one-off track for the horror movie The Return of the Living Dead called “Surfin’ Dead”, on which Ivy played bass as well as guitar. With the release of 1986’s A Date With Elvis, the Cramps permanently added a bass guitar to the mix, but had trouble finding a suitable player, so Ivy temporarily filled in as the band’s bassist. The album featured an increased focus on sexual double entendre, and met with differing fates on either side of the Atlantic: in Europe, it sold over 250,000 copies, while in the U.S. the band had difficulty finding a record company prepared to release it.

It was not until 1986 that the Cramps found a suitable permanent bass player: Candy del Mar (of Satan’s Cheerleaders), who made her recorded debut on the raw live album ROCKINNREELININAUCKLANDNEWZEALANDXXX, which was followed by the studio album Stay Sick in 1990. Knox left in 1991. The Cramps hit the top 40 singles chart in the UK for the first and only time with “Bikini Girls with Machine Guns”; Ivy posed as such both on the cover of the single and in the promotional video for the song. The Cramps went on to record many more albums and singles through the 1990s and 2000s, for various labels and with varying degrees of success.

In 1995 The Cramps appeared on the TV-series Beverly Hills, 90210 in the Halloween episode “Gypsies, Cramps and Fleas.” They played 2 songs in show: “Mean Machine” and “Strange Love.” Lux started the song by saying “Hey girls and ghouls, ready to wake up the dead?”.

In honor of the excess of The Cramps, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has on display a shattered bass drum head that Lux’s head went through during a live show.

Personnel

The Cramps have had fluctuating lineups over the years.

Current members

• Lux Interior (Erick Purkhiser) – vocals, March 1976 to current
• Poison Ivy (Kristy Wallace) – lead guitar, March 1976 to current
• Harry Drumdini – drums, February 1993 – July 2003 and August 2006 to current

Former members

• Bryan Gregory (Greg Beckerleg) – guitar, April 1976 – May 1980
• Pam Ballam (Pam Beckerleg) – drums, April 1976 – September 1976
• Miriam Linna – drums, October 1976 – June 1977
• Nick Knox – drums, July 1977 - January 1991
• Julien Grindsnatch – guitar, July 1980 – September 1980
• Kid Congo Powers (Brian Tristan) – guitar, December 1980 – September 1983
• Mike Metoff (as Ike Knox) – guitar, October 1983 – November 1983; January 1984 – July 1984
• Jim Sclavunos – drums, 1991
• Touch Hazard (Tim Maag of The Mechanics) - bass, 1985
• Fur (Jennifer Dixon) - bass, March 1986 - May 1986
• Candy del Mar – bass, July 1986 – January 1991
• Slim Chance – bass, March 1991-August 1998
• Nickey Alexander – drums, June 1991 – January 1993
• Doran Shelley – bass, 1998 - 1999
• SugarPie Jones – bass, 2000
• “Jungle” Jim Chandler – “Laid down the primal beat” for the European tour 2004
• Bill “Buster” Bateman – drums, June 2004 – August 2006
• Scott “Chopper” Franklin – bass & guitar, January 2002 – September 2006
• Jen Hanrahan - castanets June 2000 - August 2000.
• Sean Yseult (Shauna Reynolds) – bass, October/November 2006

Discography

Albums and EPs

Singles

Videos

• Human Fly (1978)
• Garbageman (1979)
• Urgh! A Music War (1982)
• Bikini Girls With Machine Guns (1990)
• Creature From the Black Leather Lagoon (1990)
• Ultra Twist (1994)
• Naked Girl Falling Down the Stairs (1994)
• Like a Bad Girl Should (1997)

References

• The Cramps Discography, Biography and Links at Mr Bill’s I.R.S. Records Corner Retrieved November 23, 2004.
• Deming, Mark. Allmusic.com Biography on The Cramps Retrieved November 23, 2004.
• Gypsies, Cramps and Fleas episode of “Beverly Hills, 90210 on The Internet Movie Database Retrieved August 17, 2007.
• The Wild Wild World of the Cramps by Ian Johnston, 1990, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-2350-7

1. ^ SuicideGirls > Interviews > The Cramps

See also

• List of psychobilly bands

victorian antique

A beam projector used with fog in a performance of Les Misérables School Edition

A beam projector is a lensless stage lighting instrument with very little beam spread. It uses two reflectors. The primary reflector is a parabolic reflector and the secondary reflector is a spherical reflector. The parabolic reflector organizes the light into nearly parallel beams, and the spherical reflector is placed in front of the lamp to reflect light from the lamp back to the parabolic reflector, which reduces spill. The result is an intense shaft of light that cannot be easily controlled or modified. Beam projectors are often used to create a godspot effect. The beam projector no longer is used to the extent that it once was, as newer fixtures and PAR lamps have created easier ways to produce the effect. A similar effect can be produced using ETC Source Four PAR fixtures without a lens. A snoot/top hat can be added to control spill.
Body Fat Scales